菟丝子及其一种伪品的鉴别

通过原植物鉴定、药材性状和粉末显微观察,理化反应及紫外光谱扫描比较,对菟丝子(Cuscuta chinensis)及其一种伪品进行鉴别。结果表明,菟丝子及其伪品在原植物的叶、花和果实、药材质地和气味,种皮栅状组织细胞的构成及其特点、热水浸煮时发生的现象、黄酮反应结果以及紫外光谱扫描显示的最大吸收波长位置,均存在明显差异。菟丝子的伪品系十字花科植物芥菜(原变种)(Brassica juncea var.juncea)的干燥成熟种子,上述实验结果为鉴别菟丝子及其伪品提供了依据。     

The role of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in oviposition and host-plant finding by cabbage webworm, Hellula undalis

The cabbage webworm, Hellula undalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a tropical pest on crucifers (Brassicaceae), differentiated among host‐plant species for oviposition in laboratory and field tests. White mustard, Sinapis alba (L.) var. Selinda, was the preferred host‐plant, followed by Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et. Coss var. Canadian brown mustard, and pak‐choi, Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. Joi Choi, Black Behi and Bai Tsai. Glucosinolates (GS), secondary plant compounds characteristic to the Cruciferae plant family, and their breakdown products were analyzed by using HPLC and GC‐MS‐techniques. Species differed in GS composition and concentration. Content of GS was highest in S. alba with progressively lower contents detected in B. juncea and B. chinensis. The aromatic GS, 4‐hydroxybenzyl‐GS and benzyl‐GS, were detected in S. alba. In B. juncea the alkenyl GS, allyl‐GS, dominated, whereas in varieties of B. chinensis indolyl and alkenyl GS predominated. Oviposition of H. undalis females on the non‐host‐plant Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth was stimulated by application of GS extracts from the crucifer species; the extract from S. alba was preferred, followed by extracts from B. juncea and B. chinensis. Hydrolysis of GS in the plant extract from B. chinensis causes loss of the oviposition stimulatory effect of the extract. Application of the GS, allyl‐GS, and benzyl‐GS also stimulated oviposition by H. undalis. Significantly more eggs were laid on leaves treated with the aromatic GS, benzyl‐GS, than with the alkenyl GS, allyl‐GS. Host‐plant odor attracted H. undalis females but not males, in behavioral assays conducted in a Y‐tube olfactometer. Low concentrations of the GS hydrolysis product, allyl‐isothiocyanate, induced anemotaxis of females, but a high concentration of allyl‐isothiocyanate was repellent. Oviposition by H. undalis females was not stimulated by host‐plant volatiles. Females laid eggs on inserted traps and the walls of the Y‐tube regardless of presence or absence of host‐plant odor. The relevance of these results in the context of crucifer‐insect interactions is discussed.     

Remediation of Nickel-Contaminated Soil by Brassica juncea L. cv. T-59 and Effect of the Metal on Some Metabolic Aspects of the Plant

Among four cultivars of Brassica juncea L., viz., TM-4, TM-2, RH-30, and T-59, cv. T-59 was relatively more tolerant to nickel (Ni) toxicity based on the growth parameters, seedling vigor index, and metal tolerance index. Nickel application inhibited the activity of the nitrate-assimilating enzyme nitrate reductase in the roots, stem, and leaves, whereas the total organic nitrogen, proline, and activity of a polyamine-metabolizing enzyme, diamine oxidase, increased in this tolerant cultivar (T-59). It accumulated a good amount of Ni from the soil in its root and shoot (i.e., 6.0–6.51 μg Ni g^?1 dry weight) during 2 months of cultivation with an 8.0 mM Ni supply in the soil. The data presented in this paper indicate that Ni tolerance and its removal by Indian mustard from subtropical Indian soil is cultivar dependent, possibly due to different genetic and physiological adaptations of the cultivars.     

Effect of Salinity on Zinc uptake by Brassica juncea

Salinity is a major worldwide problem that affects agricultural soils and limits the reclamation of contaminated sites. Despite the large number of research papers published about salt tolerance in Brassica juncea L., there are very few accounts concerning the influence of salinity on the uptake of trace metals. In this study, B. juncea plants divided through soil sets comprising 0, 900 and 1800 mg Zn kg^?1, were treated with solutions containing 0, 60 and 120 mmol L^?1 of NaCl, with the purpose of observing the effect of salt on Zn uptake, and some physiological responses throughout the 90 days experiment. Increasing concentrations of NaCl and Zn produced a decline in the ecophysiological and biochemical properties of the plants, with observable synergistic effects on parameters like shoot dry weight, leaf area, or photochemical efficiency. Nevertheless, plants treated with 60 mmol L^?1 of NaCl accumulated striking harvestable amounts of Zn per plant that largely exceed those reported for Thlaspi caerulescens. It was concluded that salinity could play an important role on the uptake of Zn by B. juncea. The potential mechanisms behind these results are discussed, as well as the implications for phytoremediation of Zn on saline and non-saline soils.     

长芒猬草与华山新麦草属间杂种的形态学和细胞学研究

为研究长芒猬草Hystrix duthiei ssp．longearistata的染色体组成,将其与华山新麦草Psathyrostachys huashanica进行了人工杂交,获得杂种F₁。对亲本及杂种F₁,花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对行为、繁育 特性和形态特征进行了比较分析。结果表明：杂种F₁的许多形态特征介于父母本之间,花粉完全不育, 结实率为0;杂种F₁花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对较高,55.12％的细胞形成5个或6个二价 体,其构型为：9.83Ⅰ+5.46Ⅱ+0.07Ⅲ,C-值为0.57。以上结果表明H．duthiei ssp．Longearistata含有Ns染色体组。本文还讨论了Hystrix与Leymus的关系。     

芥菜型油菜抗虫转基因植株及其后代株系的研究

带有１ ～２ ｍ ｍ 子叶柄的芥菜型油菜子叶经农杆菌感染后,培养在附加１０ ～２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ卡那霉素的 Ｍ Ｓ 选择培养基上筛选转化愈伤组织及不定芽。卡那霉素抗性苗相继在含３０ ～５０ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 卡那霉素的选择培养基上继代培养,再转移到含２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 卡那霉素的生根培养基上诱导生根。以苏云金杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因为探针,进行 Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ 分子杂交,得到阳性结果。 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 分析也证明外源基因整合到油菜基因组并稳定传递到后代。转基因植株的抗虫性和卡那霉素抗性在自交后代中得到保持,筛选得到纯合的转基因植株后代株系     

A Moricandia arvensis– based cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration system in Brassica juncea

 A cytoplasmic male-sterility system has been developed in mustard (Brassica juncea) following repeated backcrossings of the somatic hybrid Moricandia arvensis (2n=28, MM)+B. juncea (2n=36, AABB), carrying mitochondria and chloroplasts from M. arvensis, to Brassica juncea. Cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) plants are similar to normal B. juncea; however, the leaves exhibit severe chlorosis resulting in delayed flowering. Flowers are normal with slender, non-dehiscent anthers and excellent nectaries. CMS plants show regular meiosis with pollen degeneration occurring during microsporogenesis. Female fertility was normal. Genetic information for fertility restoration was introgressed following the development of a M. arvensis monosomic addition line on CMS B. juncea. The additional chromosome paired allosyndetically with one of the B. juncea bivalents and allowed introgression. The putative restorer plant also exhibited severe chlorosis similar to CMS plants but possessed 89% and 73% pollen and seed fertility, respectively, which subsequently increased to 96% and 87% in the selfed progeny. The progeny of the cross of CMS line with the restorer line MJR-15, segregated into 1 fertile : 1 sterile. The CMS (Moricandia) B. juncea, the restorer (MJR-15), and fertility restored F₁ plants possess similar cytoplasmic organellar genomes as revealed by ‘Southern’ analysis. Received: 17 September 1997 / Accepted: 18 February 1998     

Optimization of ultrasonic-stimulated solvent extraction of sinigrin from Indian mustard seed (Brassica Juncea L.) using response surface methodology

Introduction – Sinigrin, a major glucosinolate present in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seeds as the precursor of the anticancer compound allyl isothiocyanate, shows a wide range of biological activities. It's necessary to optimize the extraction methods and conditions, in order to improve the extraction productivity and save raw material. Objective – To systemically investigate and optimize the most important factors affected the productivity of sinigrin in the process of extraction using response surface methodology. Methodology – The ranges of three main factors including the ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature were selected by the one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method. The conditions of ultrasonic‐stimulated extraction of sinigrin from defatted Indian mustard seed powder were optimized by Box‐Behnken design to obtain the maximum productivity. Result – The predicted productivity (3.81%) was obtained using 57% ethanol concentration at 81°C for 60 min, with the coefficient of the model R² > 0.96 (n = 17). The actual productivity (3.84 ± 0.02%) of sinigrin under the optimized condition was increased by 70.67% compared with the result of conventional extraction. Meanwhile, HPLC, UV and IR were applied to examine if there is a difference between the ultrasonic‐stimulated solvent extraction and conventional extraction, and the improvement of productivity of sinigrin depended on the destruction of cell wall caused by the elimination of outer pectinous material was explained by SEM and composition content analysis. Conclusion – The ultrasonic‐stimulated solvent extraction was suggested to be a promising method to improve the productivity of sinigrin. And the results demonstrated that sinigrin productivity may be related to pectinous materials existed in the seeds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

披碱草与新麦草属间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

将澳大利亚披碱草(Elymus scabervar.scaber,2n=6x=42,StYW)和华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huas-hanica,2n=2x=14,Ns)进行属间杂交,成功获得杂种F1。分析亲本及其杂种F1的形态特征、繁育特性及花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对行为发现:杂种F1形态特征介于父母本之间,分蘖数等农艺性状超过双亲;花粉完全不育,结实率为0。亲本减数分裂染色体配对正常,但杂种F1花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期I染色体几乎没有配对,其构型为:27.31Ⅰ 0.01Ⅱ(环) 0.32Ⅱ(棒) 0.01Ⅲ,C值仅为0.01。以上结果表明:澳大利亚披碱草的StYW染色体组与华山新麦草的Ns染色体组间无同源性,它们之间的亲缘关系甚远。